directly from the information stored within the network element's data buffer;
using ``on-the-fly'' access by calling the EMME/2 data bank I/O module whenever a value is needed;
by indirect access to an attribute of another network element via a pointer attribute;
by calling a type specific network element function;
by providing the same constant value for all network elements;
by evaluating an expression based on the other attributes of the same element (see below).
Format: Information on the default formatting of the attribute values, such as field width, decimal precision and alignment.
Protection and validation: Attributes can be declared read-only (e.g. assignment results) or have write permission so that their values may be modified. For writable numerical attributes, the allowed value range may be defined by lower and upper bounds, as well as a default value which is used to initialize newly created elements.
A special data caching mechanism is provided which allows the user to define which attributes should be cached, i.e. stored directly in the data buffer of each network element, instead of reading it on-the-fly from the external data bank whenever needed.
Obtaining an attribute value for a specific network element is done simply by calling the corresponding method of the attribute with the pointer to the network element as argument.
Constant attributes are attributes which are not associated with a particular network element. They can be evaluated for all network element types (or even outside the context of network elements altogether) and will always return the same constant value.
Attributes of the same element type are combined into attribute lists. The network contains one attribute list for the attributes of each element type, and an additional one for constant attributes associated wit
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