完整街道(complete streets)
2013-06-09 11:48:40 来源:Tranbbs.com 作者:李瑞敏 评论:0 点击:
曾几何时,我们在进行道路交通规划时,在完成出行OD分析后,在确定道路等级时,主要是以机动车OD交通分配的结果为判断依据,可曾逐条道路考虑过行人、公交及自动车的需求?时至今日,我们建设的街道越来越宽,越来越漂亮,可是为何非个人小汽车的出行却变得越来越难,而私人小汽车似乎也没有说规划好的(因为车长的比路快,堵的更厉害)?是否我们进入了一个怪圈,在当前的社会发展形势下,无论怎么规划,都没有任何一类人说好?
关于无论怎么修路也赶不上机动车增长的速度似乎应该不用再提,当今是该静下心来思考一下我们的道路、街道到底该如何发展?一本《The Death and Life of Great American Cities》让Jane Jacobs成为Top 100 Urban Thinkers中排名第一的,城市规划太复杂,非我等小专业人士所能综合理解,不过在该书中Jane Jacobs对街道功能的描述,倒是应当对交通规划、设计人员起到提醒作用,对于街道,机动车交通只是其中的一部分功能,甚至对众多街道而言不能成为主要功能。
1971年,美国俄勒冈州颁布了第一个完整街道政策,至2003年统一了名词为complete street,目前有在Smart Growth America之内有National Complete Streets Coalition。
完整街道的理念向传统的以机动化为核心的街道设计理念发出挑战,其目标是为通过完善道路/街道相关设施,为所有出行者提供一个公平的交通系统,包括所有用户、所有年龄、所有的出行模式以及所有的健康/残疾人。而且,通过完整街道的实施,还要实现使自行车、步行和公共交通的方便性高于私人小汽车的使用。由此,改变目前的城市交通发展趋势。
下面引用一些原文似乎更好说明问题:
“Complete Streets” means streets that are designed and operated to enable safe access for all users,in that pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and public transportation users of all ages and abilities are able to safely move along and across a street. ”
“The City shall develop a safe, reliable, efficient, integrated and connected multimodal transportation system that will promote access, mobility and health for all users, and will ensure that the safety and convenience of all users of the transportation system are accommodated, including pedestrians, bicyclists, users of mass transit, people of all ages and abilities, motorists, emergency responders, freight providers and adjacent land users.”
The City shall measure the success of this Complete Streets policy using, but not limited to, the following performance measures:
-Total miles of bike lanes
-Linear feet of new pedestrian accommodation
-Number of new curb ramps installed along city streets
-Crosswalk and intersection improvements
-Percentage of transit stops accessible via sidewalks and curb ramps (beginning in June 2014)
-Rate of crashes, injuries, and fatalities by mode
-Rate of children walking or bicycling to school (beginning in June 2014)
Unless otherwise noted above, within six months of ordinance adoption, the City shall create individual numeric benchmarks for each of the performance measures included, as a means of tracking and measuring the annual performance of the ordinance. Quarterly reports shall be posted on-line for each of the above measures

2012年,美国通过的130完整街道政策中,Indianapolis通过的获得了最高分。
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